I am fascinated by prayer. I want to understand every aspect of prayer: the why, how, what, when, and who of it. Yes, there is even a “who” question that comes up with prayer for Christ followers, though I hesitate to spend much time on this particular topic. To Catholics who are followers of Christ, this may be a point of controversy because I find no place in the Bible that supports prayers to saints or to Mary, the beloved mother of Jesus, although I agree she should be held in reverent regard. Misdirected prayers are, in the least, entirely ineffective and, at their worst, opening the person praying up to dangerous spiritual consequences. To that end, speaking against prayer practices unsupported by Scripture is a necessary step into controversy. We should never pray to those who have died even if we are sure of their Salvation.
The one instance that I am aware of where a communication was documented with the spirit of a dead person and the living did not go well. In 1 Samuel 28, Saul became desperate because God had left him and quit responding to his prayers (I Sam 28:15). So, out of desperation and instead of accepting God’s judgment, Saul used a spirit medium to contact Samuel. We assume Samuel will be among the saints since he was a faithful prophet of God, and yet Saul had a conversation with his spirit. His response was:
Samuel said, “Why then do you ask me, since the LORD has departed from you and has become your adversary?” 1 Samuel 28:16
Basically, Samuel is rebuking Saul for trying to do some sort of end run around God instead of accepting God’s decision and will in the matter. Saul was not specifically rebuked for this particular act of defiance of God, however this “prayer” or spiritual communication with Samuel was a furtherance of Saul’s ongoing self-directed defiance. Saul was already facing the full wrath of his rebellion. So, the least that can be said of this prayer is that it was entirely ineffective. The most that can be said is that this prayer was like hammering the final nail into Saul’s coffin because was the pinnacle of a pattern of going his own way rather than God’s. If the only example of prayer to the spirit of a holy man or saint of God went so poorly, why would the practice of praying to saints or the Mother Mary now be an acceptable practice? I believe it is always an act of defiance, even if it seems to be rooted in a sort of reverent “let’s not both God with my petty self”. It is defiance of God’s call to fellowship with Him.
Among Protestant Christ followers, the “who” quest of prayer comes down to whether one can pray to Jesus instead of God the Father or can one pray to the Holy Spirit? Speaking into this very far is fruitless and would stir up what I believe to be needless controversy. So, I will not spend much time on it except to say that I believe God the Father, Jesus the Christ, and the Holy Spirit are all One and, at the same time, they are different and distinct persons. They are so united in their nature, their intent, and their thoughts that they are indistinguishable. However, they also are different in that they manifest in different ways and they each have carried out different roles in the gospel of God’s salvation.
The Holy Spirit has always, even in Old Testament times, been the one to speak to our inner being (our hearts, the core of who we are):
As to this salvation, the prophets who prophesied of the grace that would come to you made careful searches and inquiries, seeking to know what person or time the Spirit of Christ within them was indicating as He predicted the sufferings of Christ and the glories to follow. 1 Peter 1:10-11
Jesus was the only born Son of God existing before this universe or any other of the creation began, yet humbled Himself to put on flesh and experience the fullness of being human:
…although He existed in the form of God, did not regard equality with God a thing to be grasped, but emptied Himself, taking the form of a bond-servant, and being made in the likeness of men. Being found in appearance as a man, He humbled Himself by becoming obedient to the point of death, even death on a cross. Philippians 2:6-8
I suspect, though I cannot prove by way of Scripture, that it was Jesus with whom Abraham interceded for Sodom in Genesis 18 because it records that the LORD stood physically before him:
Then the men turned away from there and went toward Sodom, while Abraham was still standing before the LORD. Genesis 18:22
since God exists outside of His creation, including time, this is entirely possible. Also, the Bible says that no one has seen God at any time (John 1:18). But, that is not a curiosity rather than a necessary point of faith.
And, Jesus tells us that He and the Father are One and further describes how the Holy Spirit, the Spirit of Truth, will come in the place of Jesus when He departs (see John 14). So, while the Bible’s many unmistakable references of prayers are to God the Father, I believe it a distinction with no meaningful difference to pray to Jesus or to the Holy Spirit. A prayer to one is known by all. Since Jesus and the Spirit of Christ have chosen to be entirely submitted to God the Father, then there is no contention, no possessiveness, and no jealousy among them for our prayers. All glory is given to Jesus who points only to the Father and the Holy Spirit is Christ in us.
Now, there are a couple of verses that are not eminently clear, but do support that it is perfectly acceptable to pray to Jesus:
To the church of God which is at Corinth, to those who have been sanctified in Christ Jesus, saints by calling, with all who in every place call on the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, their Lord and ours: 1 Corinthians 1:2
God is faithful, through whom you were called into fellowship with His Son, Jesus Christ our Lord. 1 Corinthians 1:9
Concerning this I implored the Lord three times that it might leave me. 2 Corinthians 12:8 (the term “Lord” is “kyrios” which Paul uses to refer to Jesus and can mean messiah).
Also, in support of prayer to the Holy Spirit, we are also called to be in fellowship with Him:
The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God, and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit, be with you all. 2 Corinthians 13:14
What is fellowship if not communing (communicating); fellowship and being in a dialogue or prayer seems synonymous or rather, one cannot experience fellowship without there being some sort of communication. And, I consider prayer simply spiritual communication. Let me now leave behind this preliminary matter and press on to more prominent aspects of prayer.